Last Updated on 10 February, 2024 by Abrahamtolle
Summary:
- S&P has an estimated P/E of 23 for 2020.
- Rich valuations sometimes make the best companies’ share prices languish.
- Low interest rates justify high valuations.
- Indexers might suffer more from high valuations than active investors.
- How important are growth and valuations? I look at theoretical returns under different valuations and growth.
- It turns out Warren Buffett is right: It’s far better to buy a wonderful company at a fair price than a fair company at a wonderful price.
Even the best stocks suffer from extreme overvaluation:
Today, the US stock valuations are at the highest since 1999, when the dot-com valuations went completely out of whack. In the decade after 1999, we witnessed the share price of fantastic companies like Coca-Cola, Intel, Cisco, and Wal-Mart languish despite delivering growth and excellent operational performance. The chart below shows Intel’s share price from 1990 to 2017:
Intel surpassed its peak in 1999 in 2019! This is remarkable, given that Intel has grown both revenue and earnings over this period. The reason is valuation: in 1999, Intel was valued at over 70 times its earnings, while today, the market only values the earnings at 13.
Valuations are currently high:
Today, earnings are expected to be 126 dollars per S&P 500 (for 2020), indicating a P/E of about 23. That is pretty high, but still below 44 at the peak in 1999.
However, this might be perfectly justified due to the low-interest rates (or even negative interest in some markets). What are the options for investors? Investing in long-term treasuries for 1% or in the stock market for an earnings yield of 4.35% (100 divided by 23) where the latter has a potential for future earnings growth? For me, this is an easy choice: I choose stocks. I have never been a bond investor.
Academic research shows the correlation between valuation and share performance is negative: High valuation leads to lower future returns and vice versa:
But this is the overall stock market and measures average values; you should always be very careful about generalizations.
Some stocks trade at 50 times earnings, while others trade at 10. For example, Philip Morris (11 reasons to own Philip Morris), the best performer of the last century, currently trades at a 2020 estimated PE of 14.
Altria, another tobacco, trades at 10! We heard the same negative stories about tobacco stocks during the dotcom bubble, even Warren Buffett was supposedly past his prime then, but tobacco stocks have crushed the market since then. Thus, index investors should be more careful about the current valuations than active investors because the latter can find and research good companies valued fairly.
Now, let’s look at some math to show how growth and valuation pan out over twenty years:
Assume you have Company A trading at 100 with an earnings multiple of 24. Earnings compound at 10% like clockwork, but despite this, the market values the company at only 17 after 20 years. This leads to the following sequence of stock prices (shareholder distributions are left out for simplicity):
(You can find the spreadsheet by clicking here.)
Growth: | |||
1.1 | |||
Year | EPS | PE | Share price |
0 | 4.166 | 24 | 100.0 |
1 | 4.58 | 24 | 110.0 |
2 | 5.04 | 24 | 121.0 |
3 | 5.54 | 23 | 127.5 |
4 | 6.10 | 23 | 140.3 |
5 | 6.71 | 23 | 154.3 |
6 | 7.38 | 22 | 162.4 |
7 | 8.12 | 22 | 178.6 |
8 | 8.93 | 22 | 196.5 |
9 | 9.82 | 21 | 206.3 |
10 | 10.81 | 21 | 226.9 |
11 | 11.89 | 21 | 249.6 |
12 | 13.07 | 20 | 261.5 |
13 | 14.38 | 20 | 287.6 |
14 | 15.82 | 20 | 316.4 |
15 | 17.40 | 19 | 330.6 |
16 | 19.14 | 19 | 363.7 |
17 | 21.06 | 18 | 379.0 |
18 | 23.16 | 18 | 416.9 |
19 | 25.48 | 17 | 433.1 |
20 | 28.03 | 17 | 476.5 |
Despite a huge contraction in the valuation from 24 to 17, the stock delivers a CAGR of 8.12% over this period. This shows that over the long-term, a moderate overvaluation has only “insignificant” importance as long as you get the growth correct (which is not easy).
Now let’s compare this to 5% growth in Company B which has an expansion in the valuation from 10 to 17 over 20 years:
Growth: | |||
1.05 | |||
Year | EPS | PE | Share price |
0 | 10 | 10 | 100.0 |
1 | 10.50 | 10 | 105.0 |
2 | 11.03 | 10 | 110.3 |
3 | 11.58 | 11 | 127.3 |
4 | 12.16 | 11 | 133.7 |
5 | 12.76 | 11 | 140.4 |
6 | 13.40 | 12 | 160.8 |
7 | 14.07 | 12 | 168.9 |
8 | 14.77 | 12 | 177.3 |
9 | 15.51 | 13 | 201.7 |
10 | 16.29 | 13 | 211.8 |
11 | 17.10 | 13 | 222.3 |
12 | 17.96 | 14 | 251.4 |
13 | 18.86 | 14 | 264.0 |
14 | 19.80 | 14 | 277.2 |
15 | 20.79 | 15 | 311.8 |
16 | 21.83 | 15 | 327.4 |
17 | 22.92 | 16 | 366.7 |
18 | 24.07 | 16 | 385.1 |
19 | 25.27 | 17 | 429.6 |
20 | 26.53 | 17 | 451.1 |
The CAGR is 7.85%, still lower than Company A despite a huge expansion in the valuation. Remember that a 5% earnings growth is much better than the average company and beats inflation.
In both cases, we assume that the earnings compounds, ie. the retained earnings grow at the same rate as before. That is extremely difficult in the real world, and very few companies have opportunities to reinvest their earnings at the same marginal rate of return.
Let’s finish by looking at a more extreme scenario where Company A’s valuation drops from 50 to 17 but still growing 10%:
Growth: | |||
1.1 | |||
Year | EPS | PE | Share price |
0 | 4.166 | 50 | 208.3 |
1 | 4.58 | 47 | 215.4 |
2 | 5.04 | 45 | 226.8 |
3 | 5.54 | 40 | 221.8 |
4 | 6.10 | 35 | 213.5 |
5 | 6.71 | 33 | 221.4 |
6 | 7.38 | 32 | 236.2 |
7 | 8.12 | 31 | 251.7 |
8 | 8.93 | 22 | 196.5 |
9 | 9.82 | 29 | 284.9 |
10 | 10.81 | 27 | 291.7 |
11 | 11.89 | 25 | 297.2 |
12 | 13.07 | 24 | 313.8 |
13 | 14.38 | 23 | 330.8 |
14 | 15.82 | 22 | 348.0 |
15 | 17.40 | 21 | 365.5 |
16 | 19.14 | 20 | 382.9 |
17 | 21.06 | 19 | 400.1 |
18 | 23.16 | 18 | 416.9 |
19 | 25.48 | 17 | 433.1 |
20 | 28.03 | 17 | 476.5 |
The return is still compounding at 4.2%, beating inflation.
What happens to a 5% growth company that is overvalued?
Growth: | |||
1.05 | |||
Year | EPS | PE | Share price |
0 | 10.00 | 25 | 250 |
1 | 10.50 | 25 | 263 |
2 | 11.03 | 25 | 276 |
3 | 11.58 | 24 | 278 |
4 | 12.16 | 24 | 292 |
5 | 12.76 | 23 | 294 |
6 | 13.40 | 23 | 308 |
7 | 14.07 | 22 | 310 |
8 | 14.77 | 22 | 325 |
9 | 15.51 | 21 | 326 |
10 | 16.29 | 21 | 342 |
11 | 17.10 | 20 | 342 |
12 | 17.96 | 20 | 359 |
13 | 18.86 | 19 | 358 |
14 | 19.80 | 19 | 376 |
15 | 20.79 | 18 | 374 |
16 | 21.83 | 18 | 393 |
17 | 22.92 | 17 | 390 |
18 | 24.07 | 17 | 409 |
19 | 25.27 | 16 | 404 |
20 | 26.53 | 15 | 398 |
CAGR is a more modest 2.35% (more or less in line with the median return for any company over the last century), even below the inflation rate over the last 20 years. Thus, if you overpay and it turns out that your expected 10% growth doesn’t materialize, you face two headwinds: low earnings growth and, most likely, a contraction in the valuation. This is why Warren Buffett only invests in companies where he is confident he knows future earnings growth.
Conclusion:
What is the lesson from this exercise? Quality matters more than valuation (over the long term).
Many investors spend a lot of time trying to time both the market and when to buy mediocre/average companies, often leveraged, fragile and cyclical ones. I have made this mistake myself multiple times over the last decades, just to find out that my best stocks are those which I have spent the least amount of energy and just held on to. It’s far better to spend time researching just a few quality companies and avoid mediocre ones. I believe that this website has provided some interesting quality companies to research on your own.
Warren Buffet and Charlie Munger are correct in saying that it’s far better to buy a wonderful company at a fair price than to buy a fair company at a wonderful price.
FAQ
– How can rich valuations affect share prices of even the best companies?
Rich valuations can cause even the best companies’ share prices to languish. The content provides examples of fantastic companies like Coca-Cola and Intel, whose share prices suffered despite growth and excellent performance due to overvaluation.
– What role do low interest rates play in justifying high valuations in the stock market?
Low interest rates are mentioned as a factor that can justify high valuations in the stock market. They make investing in stocks with an earnings yield of 4.35% more attractive compared to investing in long-term treasuries offering lower returns.
– How important are growth and valuations in stock investing?
The content emphasizes the importance of growth and valuations in stock investing and suggests that it’s better to buy a wonderful company at a fair price rather than a fair company at a wonderful price, echoing Warren Buffett’s advice.